Monday, September 23, 2019

Granite Falls, MN: Dams and Powerhouse on Minnesota River

Granite Falls Dam: (Satellite)
Minnesota Falls Dam: (Satellite, Google Earth Images are below from when it still existed)

John A. Weeks III, during 2008 Spring flows
"The Granite Falls Dam was built in the late 1800s to supply mechanical power to a mill. It was abandoned in 1896. The City of Granite Falls bought the dam in 1911 and installed hydro power generators. The hydro plant was recently upgraded with more efficient equipment, resulting in a total electrical output of 1.2-Megawatts. The city hydro plant manager suggests that this is enough energy to supply the needs of 70% of the city."

John A. Weeks III, during 2010 Spring flood
"The river is higher than the water levels in the 2008 photos above, but it has not significantly overflowed its banks."

John Harker posted six photos.
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While trying to find the MW capacity of this dam, I discovered that the Minnesota Dam that was three miles downstream was removed in 2013 to restore the three mile long rapids of the Minnesota Falls. John Weeks indicated in 2008 that Granite Falls wanted to convert it to another hydropower plant. But the need of the fish in the Mississippi River to use this rapids as a spawning ground prevailed. Remember, a couple million watts of generating capacity is a drop in the bucket compared to one 600MW water boiler (coal or gas) unit. And power plants generally have more than one unit.

Fortunately, John got photos of the Minnesota Falls Dam before it was removed in 2013.
John A. Weeks III
"This 1905 era dam is owned by Northern States Power, which is now known as Xcel Energy. The hydro power generator was dismantled in 1961. The dam was used to store cooling water for the nearby Minnesota Valley Generating Plant. That plant closed in 2004, leaving the dam obsolete. Xcel Energy considered rebuilding the dam, but the hydro power potential was too small to be worth rebuilding by a major utility."
The demolition photo below confirms that the upstream side of the dam is just a flat wall. The dam is built on exposed granite bedrock. So they did not have to worry about a "gentle" spillway curve to minimize scouring at the base of the spillway.

I excerpted two "before" images to capture a high Spring flow (April) and a low late-Summer (Sept.) flow.
Google Earth, Apr 2011

Google Earth, Sep 2012
Google Earth, Apr 2015
(new window) They not only removed the dam, they dredged quite a bit of the sediment that had accumulated behind the dam. And it looks like they spent more time doing bank restoration work than it took to remove the dam itself. Since all of the work was done in just two months, I don't understand why they built a rock bank and then removed the rocks to build a dirt bank.


DNR dam inspectors had ordered Excel to repair or remove the 14' tall, 107 year old dam. The estimate for repair was $15m whereas demolition was estimated as $2m. "Between the two dams [Granite Falls and Minnesota Falls] are five areas where the granite is pushed up, which will create a long area of rapids that will be useful for fish and sought out by paddlers." The deep pools in the fragmented granite riverbed creates spawning beds for fish, particularly for sturgeon. The removal of the dam was easy because the mortar was so soft from age. [MankatoFreePress]

https://www.twincities.com/2010/09/16/xcel-planning-to-remove-large-dam-near-granite-falls/ (I reached my article limit.)

After they removed the 1905 Minnesota Falls dam in 2013, the base of an 1871 dam in Granite Falls was exposed. The remnants of that dam was removed in 2015. "Dr. Luther Aadland with the Minnesota DNR, who has built an international reputation for restoring fish habitat when dams are removed from riverine systems, oversaw the restoration. Its goals are to restore the spawning habitat needed by the river's rock stars: Lake sturgeon, paddlefish, walleye, and sauger among them....Aadland has been part of research that is showing that fish naturally migrate long distances in river systems. Radio tags have tracked sturgeon that migrated in the Mississippi River from near the Iowa border to locations in the Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers to find the spawning habitat they need. They returned to the waters near Iowa within two weeks, indicative of how important the right spawning habitat is for this species. There are walleye in the Missouri River system that annually make 200 mile migrations. Aadland said he has little doubt that once discovered, this newly-restored site will attract many fish species for spawning....Since its removal, 12 of the 39 native species that had been blocked have now returned upstream, according to a study published in 2015." [wctrib]

RachelContracting
Xcel Energy selected Rachel Contracting to remove the existing dam and all remaining features that were originally part of their Hydroelectric facility.  The work included installing and maintaining erosion control features, clearing and grubbing, designing, installing and maintaining water control measures, demolishing the dam and related structures, removing sediment upstream from the dam, hauling and placing sediment at the MN Valley Power Plant, and performing final grading, seeding, tree planting and restoration of the site.  All work was performed in the MN River Basin, consequently the project team had to be aware that significant changes in flow and water level could occur at any given time.  Over 2,000 The Rachel Team efficiently executed the work plan and completed the project safely and on schedule.

RachelContracting
PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS
  • Design & Install--Water Control & Management Plan to Re-Route Flow of River
  • Design & Install--Steel Box Bridges for Equipment Crossing
  • 7,000 CY--Sediment Removal
  • 5.5 Acres--Site Restoration
  • 105 Each--New Trees Planted
Dams don't allow the native (desirable) fish upstream. And mussels need fish to help them reproduce. In fact, specific mussels need a specific fish. "When Lock and Dam 19 was built on the Mississippi in Iowa in 1913, migratory skipjack herring disappeared from the watershed upstream of the dam. Previously found upstream to Big Stone Lake on the Minnesota River, skipjack herring are the sole hosts of ebonyshell and elephant ear mussels. The disappearance of these two mussel species followed suit. Ebonyshell had been the dominant mussel of the upper Mississippi and lower Minnesota rivers. Half of the roughly 40 species of native mussels that once existed in the Minnesota River can no longer be found." But carp love the feted waters of dam reservoirs. Ironically, two dams built as carp barriers didn't stop nonnative carp but did stop "desirable native species unable to tolerate low oxygen levels and pollution." I wonder if these carp-barrier dams were built to stop the Asian Carp. Or if they were fighting an earlier carp invasion. "Projects that reconnect river systems are bringing back native fish and mussel communities across the state. Approximately two-thirds of the fish species that were absent upstream have returned after dams were removed or converted into rapids. Lake sturgeon have been reintroduced to several watersheds, and 5-foot-long fish are being caught where the species hadn't existed for generations. To bring back some species, we will also need to work on restoration of degraded rivers, riparian buffers, downstream barrier removal, wetland restoration, water quality improvements, or reintroduction." [dnr.state.mn.us]

Our “stop the beast″ strategy of relying on dams and other barriers to block Asian carp has two very big drawbacks. It doesn’t work, and it causes more harm than good, according to a river ecologist and researcher....Dams are one of the factors responsible for what some are calling the sixth mass extinction in the earth’s history. The extinction rate for freshwater species is five times that of the extinction rate for creatures on land....As for stopping Asian carp, there are 22 other ways that Asian carp can reach new waters besides upstream migration. On the Minnesota River, they will readily get by the dams now in place, he pointed out....The Granite Falls dam on the Minnesota River is 21-feet high, but during flood conditions there is only a five-foot elevation difference. Asian carp easily jump 10-feet high to reach new waters....
The Minnesota River now runs free for 257 miles from Granite Falls to the Mississippi River, leading some to argue for at least a fish passage at the Granite Falls dam. Del Wehrspann, a founder of CURE and river advocate, noted that the City of Granite Falls is in the process of replacing two small hydro-electric turbines in the municipal dam without so much as discussing the need for a fish passage. “With all we know...,″ he said, “Why isn’t this even considered.″ [GraniteFallsNews]



Sunday, September 22, 2019

At least two barges allided with an I-10 bridge near Houston, TX

(Bridge HunterSatellite)

"Built 1971. Closed due to barge collision February 2019; reopened May 2019. Closed due to collision with runaway barges during Tropical Storm Imelda September 20, 2019." [BridgeHunter]

AccuWeather
AccuWeather's Jonathan Petramala reports from Houston, Texas, where nine barges broke away from a shipyard Friday morning. At least two slammed into the I-10 San Jacinto River Bridge near Channelview, Texas. Both sides of I-10 East were forced to shut down.
Below, we can see that it shattered the first pylon. Not only can we see the rebar, there is an air gap in the pylon just above the waterline. You can also see a gap of a few feet between the grey girder on the left and the black cross girder in the middle. Given that the cross girder fell a few feet, I don't know what is holding the road up on this side.
Screenshot @ 1:42
Since the barge is low in the water, it is full. The pipes on top indicate this barge carries liquids. Given that this is in the Houston area, I'm sure it is full of a nasty liquid. So the silver lining is that the barge remained intact.
Screenshot @ 0:14

Zooming out on the satellite map, there are not a lot of alternate routes across that river. I wonder how quickly Lynchburg Ferry can get some more boats.

AccuWeather @ 0:28
Texas has had a couple of 40"+ rains in just a few years. Is a 40"+ rain supposed to be a 100-year, 500-year or a 1000-year event. How do you build an infrastructure to handle that much rain?


Wednesday, September 18, 2019

BRC 83rd and 87th Street Yards

83rd: (Satellite, now just "brown land")
87th: (Satellite, now just "brown land")

Because the BRC was a belt railway, it served a lot of industries before trucks took the "boxcar" business starting in the 1960s. In addition to a big classification yard, Clearing Yard, it had several small yards around Chicago such as 100th, Commercial (South Chicago), West 12th Street, and Hawthorne to serve local trains.

I had noticed that there were a lot of tracks next to the BRC mainline in this neighborhood:
USGS 1929 Blue Island Topo Excerpt
But I did not know the names of the yards until I saw this diagram.

Jon Roma commented on a post
Finally, I'll throw in this map produced by the C&WI in 1973 (well after the railroad's peak) that shows the C&WI and Belt tracks between 63rd and 99th Streets, and as far east as the overpass above the IC.

This was an amazingly complicated web of tracks, nearly none of which resembles what's there today.Ean Kahn-Treras The biggest takeaway is that out of the 6 CWI tracks running north-south at 74th street, there is only one left nowadays. This is the track used by amtrak.
Lawrence Smith here is cab ride video of MEtra inbound on old Wabash and C+WI to CUS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gD-2REcupp0
83rd Street Yard:
090948 from ILHAP
87th Street Yard:
05062 from ILHAP

Glen Koshiol posted
Here's a shot of a BRC southbound coke train headed for Commercial Ave. and the EJ&E at the USS South Works Plant. Photo was taken at 87th. ST. where the CWI main to Pullman Jct. crosses over the Belt. The line on the left is the CWI Dolton Branch used by the L&N/ MP. I presume the yard was the CWI freight yard as the Belt dropped off cars for them up until about 1980. There is also a small engine house visible. My picture, 11/9/ 79.
Ean Kahn-Treras: Off the CWI overpass I assume? So much history in this area. Not too much to see nowadays, but I still enjoy poking around between 80th and 87th.
Glen Koshiol: Ean Kahn-Treras That whole yard area was sold to the city and filled with dirt and gravel from many highway asphalt resurfacing, mostly the Dan Ryan.
Bob Lalich: Nice shot! The structure near the end of the train was a shop building that supported C&WI's RIP tracks.

Paul Jervert posted a Marty Bernard photo
I.C.Terrible Tommy Mangan at the throttle at 83rd St. Stop board with the B&OCT R.R. (1966)


Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Lost/C&NW Wood Street Tower

(Satellite)

Mike Breski posted
Wood Street Chicago IL
Henry Wilhem Photo
West Conn Chapter NRHS Collection 1928
Jon Roma On the Chicago & North Western line to Crystal Lake and Madison, WI, just west of Clybourn. Today, the Kennedy Expressway lies to the left of this image.
William Shapotkin Unless it has been removed, there are still a pair of switch betw the W/B main and the express (center) track at this location -- still called "Wood St." That xover is controlled by CY Tower.
Dennis DeBruler According to a satellite image, it is still there.
https://www.google.com/.../@41.9201767,-87.../data=!3m1!1e3

Raymond Storey posted

Dennis DeBruler commented on Mike's post
Did Wood Street Tower also control turnouts for industrial sidings?

Dennis DeBruler commented on Mike's post
I added a red line to this 3D Satellite image to show were Wood Street runs.
https://www.google.com/.../@41.9164505,-87.../data=!3m1!1e3


Monday, September 16, 2019

1869 Chicago Avenue Pumping Station (C1)

(Update: Toronto has preserved a 1906 triple-expansion water pump. [GeekyGirlEngineer])

I have already written some notes about Chicago's first water pump station and its surge tower. As part of the 150th Anniversary celebration of this facility on Sept 14, 2019, tours were offered of the pump station. I took enough photos that a new post is warranted. But first, four pages from a brochure that they were handing out.

Brochure

Brochure

Brochure

Brochure

This steam-driven, triple-expansion pump engine was one of over 100 built by EP Allis, and the design was proved to be the most efficient in the world.

Screenshot,via live_videos  Or search for "Machines of Milwaukee" in nmih

I didn't bother to take exterior photos. There are plenty of photos on the web that are better than what I would have taken. But I did take plenty of interior photos.


I had to take photos through a glass wall. Fortunately, my camera's autofocus "sees through" glass pretty well. I started with photos from along the north wall. This is an overview at the maximum wide angle of my zoom lens, 18mm.

A closeup of Old Pouliot.

I moved a little further along the north wall for this view of Old Pouliot. We are looking at the "west room," which houses four pumps. Each pump can do 60 million gallons per day. There are two pumps in an east room that can do 40 mgd each.

Not being able to anticipate how the shots would turn out, I took them early and often.


I learned later that Old Pouliot was down for repairs. I wonder if the big hole in the middle is where something has been removed for repairs.

I then went down the east balcony of the west room. I asked the tour guide about the horsepower of the motors, but he didn't know.

This is when I learned that Old Pouliot was the second pump from the north end. Old Sallis was the first. They are named after the engineers that were working for the Water Department when this station was converted from steam to electric power in the 1930s.

A side view of Old Pouliot. Again, parts are probably missing from this pump.

I took this closeup after the tour guide pointed out that this is equipment that allows them get samples of the water that is leaving the pump. I'm sure they are also monitoringthe water pressure. The target pressure is 38-42 psi. The high rise buildings in town have auxiliary pumps to boost the water to the upper stories.

This view of Old Pouliot makes me appreciate that most of the photos did not get a glare off the glass.

The third pump, Old DePaul, is a more recognizable design of an electric motor driving a centrifugal pump. The intake is on the far side sucking water up from below the floor. This station used to get water from a two-mile tunnel under the lake to a crib in Lake Michigan. Now it gets water from the Jardine Water Purification Plant.

Old Kane is the fourth pump. Obviously, it is of the same design as Old DePaul. Note the brown cage in the corner on an intermediate balcony. We walked out of the building where you see the white handrails. But I was not able to take photos from there to get a closeup of the cage because the balcony did not have a glass wall there. Because these pumps are considered critical infrastructure of the city, we were allowed to take photos only behind the glass walls.

The number of pumps that are running depends on the current demand for water. Chicago has no storage tanks like the suburbs do. They have more pumps than they need so that they can take pumps out of service for repair. In fact, according to the tour guide, there is enough redundancy among the pumping stations that this one could fail without impacting the city's water supply.

The guide pointed out the overhead crane.

This photo makes me appreciate that the other photos were not backlit. There are enough decent photos that I'm not going to try to fix this one.

I have already mentioned the "brown cage." When we were next to it, my wife pointed out the "old thing." I explained that I think it is a worker basket that can be used with the overhead crane to access the equipment.

A couple of more shots before I leave the west balcony.


There was about five feet of glass along the south wall so that I could get a view from the southeast corner of the room.

Another photo that makes me appreciate how lucky I was with glass glare.

I went back to the west wall to get a photo of the Christmas tree. They regularly use the overhead crane throughout the year except during the Festival of Lights (December). During the festival, the crane is used to hold this tree of lights. If I remember correctly, it is held next to a north window.

The tour guide explicitly gave us permission to take a photo above the door of the two Chicago Municipal Devices. Normally the Y is right side up. But here it is reversed to symbolize the reversing of the river.

I asked if I could take a photo of this wood water main if I used an angle that kept the pumps out of the background. The guide said yes.

These are pictures they had framed in the west entrance.



A closeup of the lower-right corner of the above photo.

I was trying to get a photo of the rather elaborate painted moldings. I included the door for context. Obviously, I should have left the door, and its glass, out of the photo to avoid back lighting. The camera normally compensates well enough fpr back lighting that I haven't figured out what will fool it into underexposing a shot.

We then circled around to the public room where we initially gathered for the tour. By now the crowds had dissipated so that I was able to get a photo of "wall" where the guides started the tour.

A closeup of the upper-right corner.

A closeup of the lower-left corner. This WPP can process a billion gallons a day.

A closeup of the lower-right corner.


Solid blocks of rough-faced Joliet Limestone that were quarried locally in Illinois, in the towns of Joliet and and Athens, which is now Lemont, were used to construct the water tower. This material was is composed of calcium magnesium carbonate and was chosen for its strength and durability. And it is recognized for its creamy yellow buff color that patinas with time and with age into a warm buttery color. [MasonryMagazine]
I waited for the family to put their kid into their car seat and stow the stroller into their SUV. But then they just sat there. So I gave up waiting and framed the shot with the top of their SUV as the bottom. This shot makes you appreciate the older photos that did not have skyscrapers cluttering up the background.
20190914 9304rc


The tour guide said the Lookingglass Theatre Company uses the large room where the old steam pumps were. But I think the brochures that say this room had the old steam boilers is more accurate. I went into the room. It is big. I did not try to get a photo because I don't think it would have captured the size and because a lecture was in progress. A brochure explains that they change the interior of the room depending on the needs of the play being produced. For the lecture, it was set up in a movie theater style with sharply inclined seating and a shallow stage. The following shows an "in the square" style.
Lookingglass Theatre Company, May 2015
A dinner-theater style.
Lookingglass Theatre Company, Apr 2012
And yet another style.
Jaime hersh-white, May 2018
A performer is practicing up above while the staff prepares the room?
Erik Schroeder, Jul 2014
It is so wonderful that the city gave this BIG room to an organization that can make such good use of it.
Lookingglass Theatre Company, May 2015


David Levine posted four photos with the comment: "Not exactly vanished but I thought I'd post these anyway. Pictures I took of the Water Tower Pumping Station in March of 1984."
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